Public universities move to cut costs with layoffs, paused hiring and program changes as deficits tied to enrollment and funding trouble deepen.

Intensifying public, political and economic constraints have led some colleges to break their traditional operational models.

In the moments that define institutions—enrollment cliffs, program closures, funding crises—it is not governance structures or strategic plans that determine the outcome.

New academic models are appealing to a student population that is older, career focused and seeking flexibility beyond the traditional degree.