The U.S. Department of Education is considering a new definition of “professional” students that would limit how much some graduate students can borrow in federal loans. Experts warn the change could worsen health care workforce shortages by discouraging advanced training.

States are advancing new mandates that would increase oversight of public universities, targeting admissions, curriculum, tenure and accreditation. The measures could significantly change how campuses operate.

As state and federal government leaders seek to reform higher education, it has reignited a debate about the constitutionality of these efforts and protections under the First Amendment.